Contents
Chapters Pages
1. Introduction
1.1. Overview of the AALCO’s Work on the Extraterritorial Application of National Legislation: Sanctions imposed against Third Parties’
1.1.1. AALCO’s Preliminary Study on Extraterritorial Application of National Legislation
1.1.2. Consideration of the topic before the AALCO’s Special Study in 2014 5
1.1.3. AALCO’s Special Study on ‘Unilateral and Secondary Sanctions: An International Law Perspective’ of 2014
1.1.4. Extraterritorial Application of National Legislation: Sanctions imposed against Third Parties’ at the Fifty-Eighth Annual Session in 2019 7
1.1.5. The Need for a New Special Study on ‘Extraterritorial Application of National Legislation’ 11
1.2. Scope of the Study 2
1.3. Outline of the Study 14
2.1. Introduction
2.2.Principles of International Law undermined by EANL4
2.2.1. Violations of the Principles of the United Nations Charter 5
2.2.1.1. Principles of Sovereign Equality and Territorial Integrity 5
2.2.1.2. Principle of non-intervention
2.2.1.3. Duty to Cooperate 35
2.2.2. Countermeasures and Dispute Settlement 38
2.3. Relevance of ICJ jurisprudence in ‘Extraterritorial Application of National Legislation’ 44
2.4. The Law of State Responsibility and the Limits of Extraterritorial Application of National Legislation a
2.5. Some recent developments in State practice with respect to EANL 57
2.6. Concluding Remarks
3.Extraterritorial Application of National Legislation and its impact on Human Rights
3.1.Introduction 63
3.2.International Human Rights Law: The Juridical Framework for a Just World Order 63
3.3.International Law and Limits of Extraterritorial Application of National Legislation: An International Human Rights Perspective 66
3.3.1. The Law of Countermeasures in State Responsibility subject to International Human Rights Law 66
3.3.2.Extraterritorial Human Rights Obligations and Unilateral Economic Sanctions 68
3.3.3.The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 1993 72
3.3.4. The UN Charter and Human Rights 72
3.4. Extraterritorial Application of National Legislation and its impact on specific Human Rights 74
3.4.1.Extraterritorial Application of National Legislation and the Right to Life
3.4.1.1. General Comment No. 36 on Article 6 of the ICCPR: The Cornerstone of the Right to Life
3.4.1.2. Right to Life, Environmental Sustainability and Extraterritorial Application of National Legislation
3.4.2.Extraterritorial Application of National Legislation and the Right to Development1
3.4.3.Extraterritorial Application of National Legislation and the Right to Food 90
3.4.3.1.Right to Food Violations in Syria and Iran in the context of Unilateral Restrictive Measures 94
3.4.3.2. Covid-19 and the Right to Food in the context of unilateral economic sanctions 95
3.4.4.Extraterritorial Application of National Legislation and the Right to Health and Medicine 97
3.4.4.1. Unilateral Sanctions and the Right to Health in Pre-Covid-19 Iran and Syria
3.4.4.2. Covid-19 and the Right to Health in the context of Unilateral Sanctions
3.4.4.3. US withdrawal from the JCPOA and its impact on the Right to Health
3.4.5. Extraterritorial Application of National Legislation and the Right to Self-Determination 104
3.5. Special Rapporteurs on the Negative Impact of Unilateral Coercive Measures on the Enjoyment of Human Rights: The Human Rights Council shows the way
3.6. Concluding Remarks 113
4.Extraterritorial Application of National Legislation and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Role of the WHO 115
4.1. Introduction
4.2. The Evolution of the Concept of the Right to Health
4.3. Globalization of the Concept of Health26
4.4. Effect of EANL on the Right to Health amid the COVID-19 Crises 129
4.5. Role of the WHO39
4.6. Assessing EANL from a Humanitarian Perspective: Looking for Remedies48
4.7. Concluding Remarks 152
5.Extraterritorial Application of National Legislation and International Trade Law: Economic Sanctions 155
5.1. Introduction 155
5.2. Economic Sanctions: Nature, Purpose and Objectives59
5.3. Secondary Sanctions and Bilateral Trade Relations
5.3.1. FCN Treaties
5.3.2. BITs66
5.4. Secondary Sanctions and the International Monetary Fund69
5.4.1. Article VIII (2) on restrictions on the making of payments and transfers for current international transactions69
5.4.2. Articles VII and XIV and Unilateral Measures71
5.4.3. The Spill-over effect of the 1952 decision of the IMG Executive Board on financial sanctions and GATS3
5.5. Unilateral Sanctions and the Multilateral Trading Regime77
5.5.1. Assessing the WTO consistency77
5.5.2. General Exceptions under the WTO and trade restrictive measures82
5.5.3. Economic Sanctions to Safeguard National Security
5.5.4. The Covid-19 Pandemic and Trade Restrictive Measures
5.5.5. The Interpretation of General Exceptions in International Investment Agreements
5.6. Impact of Secondary Sanctions on Third Parties
5.7. Concluding Remarks
6.1. Introduction
6.2. From joining the JCPOA to resort to ICJ by the Islamic Republic of Iran
6.3. Rules on Counteracting Unjustified Extraterritorial Application of Foreign Legislation & Other Measures
6.3.1. The Necessity of national Blocking Rules
6.3.2. Background to the Promulgation o f the Chinese Blocking Rules
6.3.3. An Appraisal of the Semantics of the Blocking Rules Statutory Purpose and Scope of Application10
6.3.3.1. Competent Authority and Method of Operation
6.3.3.2. Reporting Obligations, Compliance Obligations and Punishment 212
6.3.3.3. Exemptions to Prohibition Orders 213
6.3.3.4. Judicial Remedies and Government Support 213
6.3.4. Projected Impact
6.3.5. The Aftermath
6.4. The EU Blocking Statute
6.4.1. The Content of the EU Blocking Statute 222
6.4.1.1 Scope of Application of the EU Blocking Statute 222
6.4.1.2. Obligations of EU Natural and Legal Persons 223
- Obligation of non-recognition of judgments and decisions 224
b. Recovery of Damages 225
c. Guarantee of implementation of the Blocking Statute
d. Authorization to comply with secondary sanctions 231
6.4.2. Remedies available to Iranian Commercial Entities under the EU Blocking Statute 234
6.4.3. EU Foreign Policy and Extraterritorial Sanctions: INSTEX and Blocking Statute 236
6.4.4. Efficiency of the EU Blocking Statute38
6.5. Concluding Remarks 39
7. Conclusion: The Way Forward3
Appendix 1
Appendix 257
Appendix 365
Bibliography
Index